Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Boleslaus II, c.1039–1081, duke (1058–76), and later king (1076–79) of Poland; son and successor of Casimir I. Throughout his reign he opposed the influence of the Holy Roman Empire. He asserted...

(Encyclopedia) Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis de zhäN zhäk rāzhēsˈ də käNbäsārĕsˈ [key], 1753–1824, French revolutionary and legislator. He was deputy to the National Convention and to the Council of...

(Encyclopedia) Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, duchesse de märēˈ də rōäNˈ-môNbäzôNˈ düshĕsˈ də shəvrözˈ [key], 1600–1679, French beauty and politician, an intimate of the French queen, Anne ...

(Encyclopedia) Cleves, duchy of, former state, W Germany, on both sides of the lower Rhine, bordering on the Netherlands. Cleves was the capital. A county from late Carolingian times, it acquired (late 14th cent.) t...

(Encyclopedia) Clovio, Giorgio Giulio jôrˈjō jo͞oˈlyō klōˈvyō [key], 1498–1578, Italian illuminator, miniaturist, and painter, also called Macedo or Il Macedone because of his Macedonian origin. He studie...

(Encyclopedia) Hoorn or Horn, Philip de Montmorency, count of both: hôrn [key], 1518?–1568, Netherlands nobleman, member of the council of state during the regency of Margaret of Parma. In 1562 he joined with the...

(Encyclopedia) Aosta äôˈstä [key], city, capital of Valle d'Aosta region and of Aosta prov., NW Italy, near the junction of the Great and Little St. Bernard roads. Aosta is an indust...

(Encyclopedia) coronet kôrˌənĕtˈ, kŏrˌə– [key], head attire of a noble of high rank, worn on state occasions. It is inferior to the crown. British peers wear their coronets at the coronation of their sover...

(Encyclopedia) Dalberg, Emmerich Joseph (Emeric Joseph, duc de Dalberg) ĕmərēkˈ zhōzĕfˈ dälbârkˈ [key], 1773–1833, French diplomat of German origin; nephew of Karl Theodor von Dalberg. The foreign minist...

(Encyclopedia) Justus of Ghent, fl. c.1460–c.1480, Flemish religious and portrait painter, now generally identified with Joos van Wassenhove; also known as Jodocus or Joos of Ghent. His simple, quiet style provide...