Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Baldwin Park, city (2020 pop. 72,176), Los Angeles co., S Calif., a suburb of Los Angeles, in the fertile San Gabriel valley; settled 1870, inc. 1956. I...

(Encyclopedia) Roanoke Rapids, industrial city (1990 pop. 15,722), Halifax co., N N.C., on the Roanoke River near the Virginia line; founded 1893, inc. 1931. The city's industries include health care, paper products...

(Encyclopedia) tanzanite tănzănˈīt [key], beautiful gemstone discovered in 1967 in the Umba Valley near the Usambara Mts. in Tanzania, a precious variety of the mineral zoisite, a calcium aluminum silicate. Zois...

(Encyclopedia) turquoise, hydrous phosphate of aluminum and copper, Al2(OH)3PO4·H2O+Cu, used as a gem. It occurs rarely in crystal form, but is usually cryptocrystalline. Turquoise is opaque and has a waxy luster; ...

(Encyclopedia) Garfield, industrial city (2020 pop. 32,655), Bergen co., NE N.J., on the Passaic at its confluence with the Saddle River; settled 1679 by the Dutch, in...

(Encyclopedia) Emmaus, borough (2020 pop. 11,652), Lehigh co., E Pa., a suburb adjoining Allentown; inc. 1859. It is chiefly residential, with some light manufacturing...

(Encyclopedia) ink, pigmented fluid used for writing and drawing, or a viscous compound used for printing, both of various colors but most frequently black. The oldest known variety, India ink or China ink, is still...

(Encyclopedia) Ladd-Franklin, Christine, 1847–1930, American scientist, b. Windsor, Conn., grad. Vassar 1869. She was the first woman student to enter Johns Hopkins (1878), her special studies being directed towar...

(Encyclopedia) sky, apparent dome over the earth, background of the clouds, sun, moon, and stars. The blue color of the clear daytime sky results from the selective scattering of light rays by the minute particles o...

(Encyclopedia) Francis, Sam, 1923–94, American painter, b. San Mateo, Calif. Educated in medicine, Francis began painting while recovering from an injury received in World War II. His mural-sized paintings are sta...