Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Mirrlees, Sir James Alexander, 1936–2018, Scottish economist, Ph.D. He taught at Cambridge (1963–69, 1995–2003), Oxford (1969–95), and Chinese University of Hong Kong (2002–18). Building on ...

(Encyclopedia) Brooke, Edward William, 3d, 1919–2015, U.S. senator (1967–79), b. Washington, D.C. A decorated World War II veteran, he was admitted to the bar in 1948. A Republican, he served (1963–66) as atto...

(Encyclopedia) Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O), former U.S. transportation company with railroad lines in eight states, Washington, D.C., and Ontario, Canada. Founded as the Louisa RR Company in Virginia in ...

(Encyclopedia) Basilan bäsēˈlän [key], island, 494 sq mi (1,279 sq km), northernmost and largest of the Sulu Archipelago, the Philippines. It is closely associated with the city of Zamboanga on Mindanao island, ...

(Encyclopedia) Usedom o͞ozˈnäm [key], island, 164 sq mi (425 sq km), in the Baltic Sea. It is divided between Mecklenburg–West Pomerania state, Germany, and Poland. Usedom is separated from the mainland by Stet...

(Encyclopedia) industrial policy, government-sponsored economic program in which the public and private sectors coordinate their efforts to develop new technologies and industries. Government provides the financial ...

(Encyclopedia) Shmyhal or Shmygal, Denys Anatoliyovych, 1975–, Ukrainian politician. An engineer and economist, he worked in the private sector (1995–2009), then served in the state administration for Lviv Oblas...

(Encyclopedia) Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto ougo͞osˈtō pēnōchāˈ o͞ogärˈtā [key], 1915–2006, president and dictator of Chile (1973–90). An army general who served as chief of staff (1972–73) and commande...

(Encyclopedia) pension, periodic payments to one who has retired from work because of age or disability. Pensions, originally thought of as charity, are now viewed as an essential part of the social responsibility o...

(Encyclopedia) lien, claim or charge held by one party, on property owned by a second party, as security for payment of some debt, obligation, or duty owed by that second party. A lien may arise by agreement between...