Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Consumers' League, National, organization designed to promote better conditions among workers by encouraging the purchase of articles made and sold under improved working conditions. The movement star...

(Encyclopedia) Crawford, Thomas, 1813–57, American sculptor, b. New York City. He was apprenticed to a wood carver and later worked for a firm of tombstone cutters. He achieved his first success with decorations f...

(Encyclopedia) Dacko, David dävēdˈ däkōˈ [key], 1930–2003, president of the Central African Republic (1960–66, 1979–81). A leader in the independence movement in French Equatorial Africa, he became the f...

(Encyclopedia) Fernow, Bernhard Eduard fûrˈnō [key], 1851–1923, American forester, b. Germany. In 1876 he emigrated to the United States and became a leader in the movement to protect forests against fire and e...

(Encyclopedia) Hanson, Duane, 1925–96, American sculptor, b. Alexandria, Minn. A member of the superrealist movement of the late 1960s and early 70s, Hanson produced life-sized tableaux of realistic figures and pr...

(Encyclopedia) Haskalah häˌskəläˈ [key], [Heb.,=enlightenment] Jewish movement in Europe active from the 1770s to the 1880s. Beginning in Germany in the circle of the German Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn...

(Encyclopedia) Wallon, Henri Alexandre äNrēˈ älĕksäNˈdrə välôNˈ [key], 1812–1904, French historian and politician. He was elected (1871) to the national assembly, and it was his proposal (1875) that led...

(Encyclopedia) actin, a protein abundantly present in many cells, especially muscle cells, that significantly contributes to the cell's structure and motility. Actin can very quickly assemble into long polymer rods ...

(Encyclopedia) Berlinguer, Enrico ənrēkō bûrˈlĭngûr [key], 1922–84, Italian political leader. Born into a wealthy yet politically radical family, Berlinguer joined the Communist party in 1943 and eventually...

(Encyclopedia) scar, fibrous connective tissue that forms at the site of injury or disease in any tissue of the body. Scar tissue may replace injured skin and underlying muscle, damaged heart muscle, or diseased are...