Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Newman, Barnett, 1905–70, American artist, b. New York City. A member of the New York school, Newman was one of the first to reject conventional notions of spatial composition in art. Often using mo...

(Encyclopedia) Marshall, Kerry James, 1955–, American painter, b. Birmingham, Ala., B.F.A. Otis Art Institute (now Otis College of Art and Design), Los Angeles, 1978. A figurative and narrative artist whose subjec...

(Encyclopedia) checkers, game for two players, known in England as draughts. It is played on a square board, divided into 64 alternately colored—usually red and black or white and black—square spaces, identical ...

(Encyclopedia) Andrade, Carlos Drummond de əndrädˈ [key], 1902–87, Brazilian poet. The son of landowners, he worked as a journalist before earning (1925) a degree in pharmacology. In 1928 Andrade became a civil...

(Encyclopedia) Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand kônˈrät fĕrˈdēnänt mīˈər [key], 1825–98, Swiss poet and novelist. He studied history and art and later turned to literature. He is best known for his historical nov...

(Encyclopedia) Latvian or Lettish lĕtˈĭsh [key], a language belonging to the Baltic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Baltic languages). The mother tongue of close to 3 million persons livin...

(Encyclopedia) Machado, Antonio äntōˈnyō mächäˈᵺō [key], 1875–1939, Spanish poet of the Generation of '98. He spent most of his life in Castile and his best poetry was influenced by its sober and dramati...

(Encyclopedia) layering, horticultural practice of propagating a plant by rooting a branch before severing it from the mother plant. Typically the branch is bent and a section that has been slit or broken on the und...

(Encyclopedia) Bradley, Francis Herbert, 1846–1924, English philosopher. He was educated at Oxford, where he became a fellow of Merton College in 1876. His works include Ethical Studies (1876), Principles of Logic...

(Encyclopedia) Crome, John, 1768–1821, English landscape painter, b. Norwich. Crome was the principal painter of the Norwich school. He is often called Old Crome to distinguish him from his son who painted in the ...