Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Gregory IX, 1143?–1241, pope (1227–41), an Italian named Ugolino di Segni, b. Anagni; successor of Honorius III. As cardinal under his uncle, Innocent III, he became, at St. Francis' request, the ...

(Encyclopedia) Louise ləwēzˈ [key], 1776–1810, queen of Prussia, consort of Frederick William III; a princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. During the Napoleonic Wars her patriotism and bravery won her lasting popul...

(Encyclopedia) Luitpold lo͞oˈĭtpôlt [key], 1821–1912, regent of Bavaria (1886–1912); third son of King Louis I of Bavaria. He ruled for his insane nephews Louis II and Otto I. His son succeeded him as regent...

(Encyclopedia) Mustafa IV, 1778–1808, Ottoman sultan (1807–8), son of Abd al-Hamid I. He was raised to the throne by the reactionary Janissaries who had deposed Mustafa's cousin, Selim III, because they opposed ...

(Encyclopedia) Pelusium pĭlo͞oˈshēəm [key], ancient city of Egypt, on the easternmost branch of the Nile (long since silted up) and c.20 mi (30 km) E of modern Port Said. It was especially important as a fronti...

(Encyclopedia) Manisa mänēsäˈ [key], city (1990 pop. 158,283), capital of Manisa prov., W Turkey. It is a rail junction and the market center of a rich agricultural region. Mineral deposits are nearby. The city ...

(Encyclopedia) Ladislaus I, 1260–1333, duke (1306–20) and later king (1320–33) of Poland; called Ladislaus the Short. He restored the Polish kingdom, which had been partitioned since 1138 (see Piast). In his c...

(Encyclopedia) Ladislaus Herman lädˈĭslousˌ hĕrˈmän [key], 1040–1102, duke of Poland (1079–1102), brother and successor of Boleslaus II. His rule was one of weakness and decline. At his death the kingdom ...

(Encyclopedia) Langham, Simon lăngˈəm [key], d. 1376, English prelate and statesman, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He ruled the abbey of Westminster with such skill that Edward III appointed (1360) him t...

(Encyclopedia) Neerwinden nārvĭnˈdən [key], village, Liège prov., E Belgium. In the War of the Grand Alliance the French under Marshal Luxembourg defeated (1693) William III of England there. In the French Revo...