Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Charles of Valois välwäˈ [key], 1270–1325, French prince and military leader, third son of Philip III and father of Philip VI. He dominated the reign in France of his nephew Louis X. On the excom...

(Encyclopedia) Vendôme, Louis Joseph, duc de dük də väNdōmˈ [key], 1654–1712, marshal of France; grandson of César de Vendôme and son of Laura Mancini. He fought in the War of the Grand Alliance. In the W...

(Encyclopedia) Baronius, Caesar bərōˈnēəs [key], 1538–1607, Italian ecclesiastical historian, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He went to Rome c.1557 and soon came under the tutelage of St. Philip Neri....

(Encyclopedia) Ensenada, Zenón de Somodevilla, marqués de la thānōnˈ dā sōmōᵺāvēˈlyä märkāsˈ dā lä ānsānäˈᵺä [key], 1702–81, Spanish statesman. He was created (1736) marquis for his part ...

(Encyclopedia) William the Silent or William of Orange (William I, prince of Orange), 1533–84, Dutch statesman, principal founder of Dutch independence. William married four times. His first wife was Anne of Egm...

(Encyclopedia) refraction, in physics, deflection of a wave on passing obliquely from one transparent medium into a second medium in which its speed is different, as the passage of a light ray from air into glass. O...

(Encyclopedia) Panihati pänēhäˈtē [key], city (1991 pop. 275,359), West Bengal state, NE India, on the Hugli River. It is a suburb of Kolkata (Calcutta) and a rice-trading center. Manufactures include chemicals...

(Encyclopedia) Denain dənăNˈ [key], city, Nord dept., N France. It has ironworks, steel mills, and glass ...

(Encyclopedia) Diepenbeeck, Abraham van vän dēˈpənbākˌ [key], 1596–1675, Flemish glass painter, book illustrator, and painter. He was active mainly in Antwerp and was strongly influenced by Rubens, who was h...

(Encyclopedia) Borinage bôrēnäzhˈ [key], region, Hainaut prov., S Belgium, surrounding Mons and extending to the French border. Traditionally a coal-mining district, most of the mines have been closed. Glass-mak...