Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Philip the Bold: see Philip III, king of France. ...

(Encyclopedia) Frederick the Wise: see Frederick III, elector of Saxony. ...

(Encyclopedia) Bismarck, Otto von bĭzˈmärk, Ger. ôˈtō fən bĭsˈmärk [key], 1815–98, German statesman, known as the Iron Chancellor. The Bismarckian era closed with the death of Emperor Frederick III. A ...

(Encyclopedia) Louis IX or Saint Louis, 1214–70, king of France (1226–70), son and successor of Louis VIII. His mother, Blanche of Castile, was regent during his minority (1226–34), and her regency probably la...

(Encyclopedia)  HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS(including dates of reign) Saxon dynasty Salian or Franconian dynasty Hohenstaufen dynasty and rivals Interregnum, 1254–73 Hapsburg, Luxemburg, and other dynasties ...

(Encyclopedia)  Russian and Soviet Rulers since 1462(including dates of rule) House of Rurik House of Godunov Usurpers House of Romanov Provisional Government(premiers) Soviet Russia (1917–22) and the U...

(Encyclopedia) Charles II, king of Hungary: see Charles III, king of Naples. ...

(Encyclopedia) Uladislaus I, king of Hungary: see Ladislaus III, king of Poland. ...

(Encyclopedia) Frederick Augustus II, elector of Saxony: see Augustus III, king of Poland. ...

(Encyclopedia) Charles the Fat, French king: see Charles III, emperor of the West. ...