Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Leonov, Leonid Maksimovich lyāənyētˈ məksyēmˈəvĭch lyāôˈnəf [key], 1899–1994, Russian novelist and playwright. Leonov was a major figure in the development of psychological and social r...

(Encyclopedia) Borodino bərədyĭnôˈ [key], village, central European Russia, c.70 mi (110 km) W of Moscow. It was the site, on Sept. 7, 1812, of a battle between Napoleon's Grande Armée and Gen. Mikhail Kutuzov...

(Encyclopedia) Koussevitzky, Serge (Sergei Aleksandrovich Koussevitzky) sĕrzh ko͞osəvĭtˈskē; Rus. syĭrgāˈ əlyĭksänˈdrəvĭch ko͝osyĭvētˈskē [key], 1874–1951, Russian-American conductor, studied i...

(Encyclopedia) Carr, Edward Hallett, 1892–1982, English political scientist and historian. Educated at Cambridge, he was in the diplomatic service until 1936, professor of international relations (1936–47) at Un...

(Encyclopedia) Artzybasheff, Boris ärtsĭbäˈshĕf [key], 1899–1965, American draftsman, illustrator, writer, and cartoonist, b. Kharkiv, Russia (now in Ukraine); son of Mikhail Petrovich Artzybashev. In 1919 he...

(Encyclopedia) Goncharova or Gontcharova, Natalie Sergeyevna nətälˈyə sĕrˌgəyāvˈnə gənchərôˈvə [key], 1881–1962, Russian painter and designer. After studying painting in Moscow, she met Mikhail Lari...

(Encyclopedia) Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich kŏstəntyēēnˈ ōōstyēēnˈəvich chĭrnyĕnˈkô [key], 1911–85, Soviet political leader. A protégé of Leonid Brezhnev, he rose through Communist party ranks...

(Encyclopedia) perestroika pərˈĕstroyˈkə [key], Soviet economic and social policy of the late 1980s. Perestroika [restructuring] was the term attached to the attempts (1985–91) by Mikhail Gorbachev to transfo...

(Encyclopedia) Zhivkov, Todor tôˈdôr zhĭvkôfˈ [key], 1911–98, Bulgarian political leader. A printer, and a Communist party member from 1932, he rose to prominence as a partisan leader during World War II and...

(Encyclopedia) Weidman, Charles, 1901–75, American modern dancer and choreographer, b. Lincoln, Neb. Weidman performed with the troupe formed by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn from 1920 to 1927, when he and Doris Hu...