Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) ethnic studies, in American education, programs offering courses in the history and culture of minority groups. Ethnic studies arose as a result of the black protest movement of the 1960s, which, amon...

(Encyclopedia) Zapata, Emiliano āmēlyäˈnō säpäˈtä [key], c.1879–1919, Mexican revolutionary, b. Morelos. Zapata was of almost pure native descent. A tenant farmer, he occupied a social position between th...

(Encyclopedia) Hill, A. P. (Ambrose Powell Hill), 1825–65, Confederate general in the American Civil War, b. Culpeper, Va. He served briefly in the Mexican War and had a varied army career until he resigned in Mar...

(Encyclopedia) Phillips, Wendell, 1811–84, American reformer and orator, b. Boston, grad. Harvard (B.A., 1831; LL.B., 1834). He was admitted to the bar in 1834 but, having sufficient income of his own, he abandone...

(Encyclopedia) Obregón, Álvaro älˈvärō ōbrāgōnˈ [key], 1880–1928, Mexican general and president (1920–24). A planter in Sonora, he supported Francisco I. Madero in the revolution against Porfirio Díaz...

(Encyclopedia) Bieler, Manfred mänˈfrĕt bēˈlər [key], 1934–, German dramatist and novelist. Among Bieler's plays, written for radio, are Die achte Trübsal [the eighth misery] (1960), attacking anti-Semitism...

(Encyclopedia) Revillagigedo Islands or Revillagigedo Archipelago rāvēˈyähēhāˈᵺō [key], volcanic island group in the Pacific Ocean, c.450 mi (720 km) W of Colima state and S of Baja California, Mexico. The...

(Encyclopedia) Díaz Mirón, Salvador sälväᵺōrˈ dēˈäs mērōnˈ [key], 1853–1928, Mexican poet. Díaz Mirón's life abounded with revolutionary plots, political quarrels, duels, and vigorous journalistic ...

(Encyclopedia) Calderón Bridge käldārōnˈ [key], site of a decisive battle in the Mexican revolution against Spain, fought on the Lerma River E of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. On Jan. 17, 1811, insurgents comma...

(Encyclopedia) Colima kōlēˈmä [key], active volcano, 12,533 ft (3,820 m) high, S Jalisco, Mexico, 78 mi (125 km) S of Guadalajara near the Colima state border. Also known as Volcán de Fuego, it is one of the mo...