Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) phrenology, study of the shape of the human skull in order to draw conclusions about particular character traits and mental faculties. The theory was developed about 1800 by the German physiologist Fr...

(Encyclopedia) De Patinir, De Patenier, or De Patiner, Joachim: see Patinir, Joachim de. ...

(Encyclopedia) Stijl, de də stīl [key] [Du.,=the style], Dutch nonfigurative art movement, also called neoplasticism. In 1917 a group of artists, architects, and poets was organized under the name de Stijl, and a ...

(Encyclopedia) Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de pyĕr də bo͞ordāˈyə sānyörˈ də bräNtōmˈ [key], 1540?–1614, French courtier, soldier, and author of memoirs. He accompanied Mary Stuart to Sco...

(Encyclopedia) Alva, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque de: see Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque de. ...

(Encyclopedia) MacMahon, Marie Edmé Patrice de märēˈ ĕdmāˈ pätrēsˈ də mäkmäōNˈ [key], 1808–93, president of the French republic (1873–79), marshal of France. MacMahon, of Irish descent, fought in ...

(Encyclopedia) Gálvez, Matías de dā gälˈvāth [key], 1717–84, Spanish colonial administrator, captain general of Guatemala (1779), viceroy of New Spain (1783–84); brother of José de Gálvez. He was succee...

(Encyclopedia) Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, duc de sülēˈ [key], 1560–1641, French statesman. Born and reared a Protestant, he fought in the Wars of Religion under the Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre (later ...

(Encyclopedia) Mendoza, Pedro de dā māndōˈthä [key], b. 1501 or 1502, d. 1537, Spanish conquistador, first adelantado [civil and military governor] of Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina). After a military...

(Encyclopedia) Mackenzie, Henry, 1745–1831, English author, b. Scotland. He had an active political and legal life, serving as comptroller of taxes for Scotland from 1804 until his death. His first and most famous...