Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) French art, the artistic production of the region that constitutes the historic nation of France. See also French architecture. The innovations of postimpressionism, combined with the influence of C...

(Encyclopedia) Dada däˈdäĭzəm [key], international nihilistic movement among European artists and writers that lasted from 1916 to 1922. Born of the widespread disillusionment engendered by World War I, it orig...

(Encyclopedia) breeding, in agriculture and animal husbandry, propagation of plants and animals by sexual reproduction; usually based on selection of parents with desirable traits to produce improved progeny. In con...

(Encyclopedia) insulin, hormone secreted by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans, specific groups of cells in the pancreas. Insufficiency of insulin in the body results in diabetes. Insulin was one of the first ...

(Encyclopedia) higher criticism, name given to a type of biblical criticism distinguished from textual or lower criticism. It seeks to interpret text of the Bible free from confessional and dogmatic theology. Higher...

(Encyclopedia) Marois, Pauline pōlēnˈ märwäˈ [key], 1949–, Canadian politician, b. Quebec. A social worker and Parti Québécois (PQ) member, she was first elected to the Quebec National Assembly in 1981, an...

(Encyclopedia) Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe, Jr., 1938–, Canadian politician, prime minister (2003–6) of Canada, b. Windsor, Ont. The scion of a politically active family (his father served in parliament and ran ...

(Encyclopedia) Delors, Jacques (Jacques Lucien Jean Delors) zhäk lo͞osyăNˈ zhäN dəlôrˈ [key] 1925–, French economist and politician and European statesman, president (1985–95) of the European Commission....

(Encyclopedia) Cadoudal, Georges zhôrzh kädo͞odälˈ [key], 1771–1804, French royalist conspirator. A commander of the Chouans, he led the counterrevolutionists in the Vendée. He fled to England in 1801 after ...

(Encyclopedia) Camisards kămˈĭsärdz, Fr. kämēsärˈ [key], Protestant peasants of the Cévennes region of France who in 1702 rebelled against the persecutions that followed the revocation (1685) of the Edict o...