Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Spitteler, Carl Friedrich Georg kärl frēˈdrĭkh gāˈôrkh shpĭtˈələr [key], 1845–1924, Swiss poet, whose pseudonym was Carl Felix Tandem. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize in Literature. H...

(Encyclopedia) Yorck von Wartenburg or York von Wartenburg, Ludwig, Graf both: lo͝otˈvĭkh gräf yôrk fən värˈtənbo͝orkh [key], 1759–1830, Prussian army officer. He commanded the Prussian auxiliary corps t...

(Encyclopedia) Holstein, Friedrich von frēˈdrĭkh fən hôlˈshtīn [key], 1837–1909, German diplomat. After the Congress of Berlin (1878) he became a powerful figure in shaping German foreign policy. His offici...

(Encyclopedia) Strauss, David Friedrich däˈvēt frēˈdrĭkh shtrous [key], 1808–74, German theologian and philosopher. In Berlin he studied (1831–32) Hegelian philosophy. As tutor at Tübingen he lectured on ...

(Encyclopedia) Gentz, Friedrich von frēˈdrĭkh fən gĕnts [key], 1764–1832, German conservative political theorist. Admirer of the English political system of checks and balances, Gentz was critical of the Fren...

(Encyclopedia) Hecker, Friedrich Franz Karl frēˈdrĭkh fränts kärl hĕkˈər [key], 1811–81, German revolutionary. A lawyer, he was a leader of the radical republicans in the grand duchy of Baden and during th...

(Encyclopedia) Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August frēˈdrĭkh vĭlˈhĕlm ouˈgo͝ost ärˈgəländər [key], 1799–1875, German astronomer. He became director of the observatory at the Univ. of Bonn in 1837 and...

(Encyclopedia) Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf kärl gāˈôrk frēˈdrĭkh ro͞oˈdôlf loiˈkärt [key], 1823–98, German zoologist, a founder of the science of parasitology. He made important discoveries i...

(Encyclopedia) Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von hĕrˈmän lo͞otˈvĭkh fĕrˈdēnänt fən hĕlmˈhôlts [key], 1821–94, German scientist. Although known especially as a physicist and biologist, he was al...

(Encyclopedia) Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig, 1929–2011, German physicist, Ph.D. Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany, 1957. Mössbauer was a professor at the California Institute of Technolo...