Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Müller, Johannes von yōhäˈnəs fən mülˈər [key], 1752–1809, Swiss historian. He spent much of his life in Germany, where he held political posts under the elector of Mainz, the king of Pruss...

(Encyclopedia) Pollock, Sir Frederick pŏlˈək [key], 1845–1937, English jurist, b. London. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge and was admitted to the bar in 1871. He succeeded to his baronetcy in 1888. Polloc...

(Encyclopedia) Charles VII, 1697–1745, Holy Roman emperor (1742–45) and, as Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria (1726–45). Having married a daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I, he refused to recognize the p...

(Encyclopedia) Constance, 1154–98, Holy Roman empress, wife of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI; daughter of King Roger II of Sicily. She was named heiress of Sicily by her nephew King William II. On his death, however...

(Encyclopedia) Adrian IV, d. 1159, pope (1154–59), an Englishman (the only English pope), b. Nicholas Breakspear at Langley, near St. Albans. He was successor of Anastasius IV. At an early age he went to France. T...

(Encyclopedia) civil service, entire body of those employed in the civil administration as distinct from the military and excluding elected officials. The term was used in designating the British administration of I...

(Encyclopedia) Marvin, Charles Frederick, 1858–1943, American meteorologist, b. Putnam (now part of Zanesville), Ohio, grad. Ohio State Univ., 1883. He entered (1884) the U.S. Signal Service, predecessor of the We...

(Encyclopedia) William of Occam or Ockham both: ŏkˈəm [key], c.1285–c.1349, English scholastic philosopher. A Franciscan, Occam studied and taught at Oxford from c.1310 until 1324, when he was summoned to the p...

(Encyclopedia) Hepburn, Mitchell Frederick, 1896–1953, Canadian political leader. A member of the House of Commons (1926–34), he was chosen (1930) leader of the Liberal party in Ontario and became (1934) premier...

(Encyclopedia) Douglas, William, 6th earl of Douglas, 1423?–1440, Scottish nobleman, eldest son of Archibald Douglas, 5th earl of Douglas. In answer to an invitation from the young James II, who was at that time c...