Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) tax exemption, immunity from the requirement of paying taxes. Federal, state, and usually local law provide exemption from taxation for a wide variety of organizations, usually not-for-profit, such as...

(Encyclopedia) organized crime, criminal activities organized and coordinated on a national scale, often with international connections. The American tradition of daring desperadoes like Jesse James and John Dilling...

(Encyclopedia) Magoon, Charles Edward məgo͞onˈ [key], 1861–1920, American administrator, b. Steele co., Minn. As an attorney (1899–1904) for the Bureau of Insular Affairs in the War Dept., he dealt with the l...

(Encyclopedia) Mann, James Robert, 1856–1922, American legislator, b. McLean co., Ill. A Chicago lawyer, he held many local offices before serving (1897–1922) as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Represen...

(Encyclopedia) Hoxie, Robert Franklin hŏkˈsē [key], 1868–1916, American economist, b. Edmeston, W of Cooperstown, N.Y., Ph.D. Univ. of Chicago, 1905. He taught at the Univ. of Chicago from 1906 to 1916. A reali...

(Encyclopedia) Finlay, Carlos Juan fĭnˈlē [key], 1833–1915, Cuban physician of Scottish and French descent; studied in France; M.D. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1855. Settling in Havana, he began hi...

(Encyclopedia) Judd, Charles Hubbard, 1873–1946, American psychologist, b. India. He was educated at the Univ. of Leipzig (Ph.D., 1896), where he studied with Wilhelm Wundt. Judd taught at the Univ. of Cincinnati,...

(Encyclopedia) Knudsen, William Signius no͞odˈsən [key], 1879–1948, American industrialist and U.S. government official, b. Copenhagen, Denmark. He emigrated to the United States at age 20, worked in various fa...

(Encyclopedia) Soufflot, Jacques Germain zhäk zhĕrmăNˈ so͞oflōˈ [key], 1709–80, French architect, noted chiefly as the designer of the Panthéon (1764–89; see under pantheon) in Paris. He won the commissi...

(Encyclopedia) Beer, George Louis, 1872–1920, American historian, b. Staten Island, N.Y. He was a tobacco importer for 10 years but also lectured on European history at Columbia from 1893 to 1897. After 1903 he de...