Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) nuclear strategy, a policy for the use of nuclear weapons. The first atomic bombs were used in the context of the Allies' World War II policy of strategic bombing. Early in the cold war, U.S. policy w...

(Encyclopedia) shipping, transportation of passengers and goods on waterways. From prehistoric times shipping has had a major influence on human social development. Water routes, unlike roads, did not need building,...

(Encyclopedia) Cortelyou, George Bruce kôrˈtəlyo͞o [key], 1862–1940, American public official and business executive, b. New York City. He taught school, and after learning stenography, he became secretary to ...

(Encyclopedia) Garfield, Harry Augustus, 1863–1942, American educator, b. Hiram, Ohio, grad. Williams 1885, studied law at Columbia; son of President James A. Garfield. From 1888 to 1903 he practiced law in Clevel...

(Encyclopedia) North Brabant brəbăntˈ [key], Du. Noordbrabant, province (1994 pop. 2,259,800), c.1,920 sq mi (4,970 sq km), S Netherlands, bordering on Belgium in the south and on Germany in the east. The capital...

(Encyclopedia) Berkman, Alexander bĕrkˈmän, bûrkˈmən [key], 1870–1936, anarchist, b. Vilna (then in Russian Lithuania). He immigrated to the United States c.1887. Angered by the violent suppression of the Ho...

(Encyclopedia) Baltic states, the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bordering on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Formed in 1918, they remained independent republics until their involuntary incorporat...

(Encyclopedia) citizen, member of a state, native or naturalized, who owes allegiance to the government of the state and is entitled to certain rights. Citizens may be said to enjoy the most privileged form of natio...

(Encyclopedia) United Press: see news agency.

(Encyclopedia) Malay States: see Malaysia.