Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) Goodyear, Charles, 1800–1860, American inventor, b. New Haven, Conn., originator of vulcanized rubber. He failed in his earlier business ventures and was in jail for debt when he began his experimen...

(Encyclopedia) Wagley, Charles Walter wăgˈlē [key], 1913–91, American anthropologist, b. Clarksville, Tex., grad. Columbia (Ph.D., 1941). He began teaching at Columbia in 1940, serving as professor from 1953 to...

(Encyclopedia) Thwing, Charles Franklin twĭng [key], 1853–1937, American educator and Congregational clergyman, b. New Sharon, Maine, grad. Harvard, 1876, and Andover Theological Seminary, 1879. Until 1890 he ser...

(Encyclopedia) Catherine of Braganza brəgănˈzə [key], 1638–1705, queen consort of Charles II of England, daughter of John IV of Portugal. She was married to Charles in 1662. As part of her dowry England secure...

(Encyclopedia) de Gaulle, Charles shärl də gōl [key], 1890–1970, French general and statesman, first president (1959–69) of the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle was reelected to a second seven-year term in 1965. A...

(Encyclopedia) Pugin, Augustus Charles pyo͞oˈjĭn [key], 1762–1832, English writer on medieval architecture, b. France. His writings and drawings furnished a mass of working material for the architects of the Go...

(Encyclopedia) Guillaume, Charles Édouard shärl ādwärˈ gēyōmˈ [key], 1861–1938, Swiss physicist and metrologist, Ph.D. Zürich Polytechnic (now the Federal Institute of Technology), 1882. Guillaume joined ...

(Encyclopedia) Lothair, 941–86, French king (954–86), son and successor of King Louis IV. During the early part of his reign he was dominated by Hugh the Great. Even after Hugh's death he was involved in conflic...

(Encyclopedia) Foster, Charles, 1828–1904, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1891–93), b. Seneca co., Ohio. He was long identified with the business interests of Fostoria, Ohio—named for C. W. Foster, his father...

(Encyclopedia) Bulfinch, Charles, 1763–1844, American architect, b. Boston. A member of the Boston board of selectmen in 1791, he was chosen chairman in 1799—an office equivalent to mayor and held by Bulfinch fo...