Columbia Encyclopedia

(Encyclopedia) disarmament, nuclear, the reduction and limitation of the various nuclear weapons in the military forces of the world's nations. The atomic bombs dropped (1945) on Japan by the United States in World ...

(Encyclopedia) Hughes, Charles Evans hyo͞oz [key], 1862–1948, American statesman and jurist, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1910–16), U.S. secretary of state (1921–25), and 11th chief justice of...

(Encyclopedia) Andreas, Dwayne Orville, 1918–2016, American business executive, b. Worthington, Minn. He worked in the family soybean-processing business, becoming a Cargill vice president when it bought (1945) co...

(Encyclopedia) Díaz Ordaz, Gustavo go͞ostäˈvō dēˈäs ōrˈdäs [key], 1911–79, president of Mexico (1964–70). A lawyer, law professor, and judge, he served in both houses of the federal legislature and wa...

(Encyclopedia) Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), organization established by Civil War veterans of the Union army and navy. Principal figures in the founding of the GAR were John A. Logan and Richard J. Oglesby. The...

(Encyclopedia) Jonathan, Goodluck Ebele, 1957–, Nigerian politician, president of Nigeria (2010–). An Ijaw from the Niger delta region, he was educated as a zoologist (Ph.D. Univ. of Port Harcourt, 1995) and wor...

(Encyclopedia) Hale, William Bayard, 1869–1924, American journalist, b. Richmond, Ind. An Episcopal minister, he served in several parishes before attaining a national reputation as a journalist. In 1900, Hale bec...

(Encyclopedia) Echandi Jiménez, Mario märˈyō āchänˈdē hēmāˈnās [key], 1915–2011, president of Costa Rica (1958–62). A lawyer, he served as ambassador to the United States (1950–51, 1966–68), as f...

(Encyclopedia) Monroe Doctrine, principle of American foreign policy enunciated in President James Monroe's message to Congress, Dec. 2, 1823. It initially called for an end to European intervention in the Americas,...

(Encyclopedia) Ton Duc Thang, 1888–1980, Vietnamese politician. He was an early supporter of Ho Chi Minh and was imprisoned (1929–45) by the French colonial regime. After Vietnamese independence, he rose quickly...