(Encyclopedia)
Russian and Soviet Rulers since 1462(including dates of rule)
House of Rurik
Ivan III (the Great), 1462–1505
Vasily III, 1505–33
Ivan IV (the Terrible), 1533–84
Feodor I, 1584…
(Encyclopedia) Northern War, 1700–1721, general European conflict, fought in N and E Europe at the same time that the War of the Spanish Succession was fought in the west and the south. It arose…
(Encyclopedia) Alfonso IV, 1299–1336, king of Aragón and count of Barcelona (1327–36), son and successor of James II. Before his accession he conquered (1323–24) Sardinia, where later a revolt…
(Encyclopedia) Timmermans, FelixTimmermans, Felixfāˈlĭks tĭmˈərmäns [key], 1886–1947, Flemish novelist. Among his most successful works are Pallieter (1916, tr. 1924), the story of a lusty Fleming of…
(Encyclopedia) Martin IV, d. 1285, pope (1281–85), a Frenchman named Simon de Brie; successor of Nicholas III. He was chancellor under Louis IX of France and was created cardinal by Urban IV. He was…
(Encyclopedia) Biron or Biren, Ernst Johann vonBiron or Biren, Ernst Johann vonĕrnst yōhänˈ fən bēˈrôn, bēˈrən [key], 1690–1772, duke of Courland (1737–43, 1763–69), favorite of Czarina Anna of…
(Encyclopedia) boyarsboyarsbōyärzˈ [key], upper nobility in Russia from the 10th through the 17th cent. The boyars originally obtained influence and government posts through their military support of…
(Encyclopedia) Caiaphas (Joseph Caiaphas)Caiaphaskāˈyəfəs [key], Jewish high priest, a Sadducee, son-in-law of Annas. According to the Gospels, he presided at the council that condemned Jesus to…
(Encyclopedia) Finelli, GiulianoFinelli, Giulianoj&oomacr;lyäˈnō fēnĕlˈlē [key], 1605–57, Italian sculptor. Working as assistant to Bernini, Finelli rejected the baroque aesthetic and adopted a…
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